References

Updated 4% Rule / Withdrawal Research:

  1. Morningstar. How Retirees Can Determine a Safe Withdrawal Rate in 2025. 2024. https://www.morningstar.com/retirement/how-retirees-can-determine-safe-withdrawal-rate-2025

  2. PGIM DC Solutions. Guided Spending Rates: Rethinking “Safe” Initial Withdrawal Rates. 2024. https://www.pgim.com/dc-solutions/article/guided-spending-rates-rethinking-safe-initial-withdrawal-rates

  3. White Coat Investor. 4% Rule Update: Bill Bengen’s Latest Guidance on Safe Withdrawals. 2025. https://www.whitecoatinvestor.com/4-percent-rule-update-bill-bengen/

  4. BenefitsPRO. Ditch the 4% Rule: 3.7% is the New Safe Retirement Withdrawal Rate, Says Morningstar. 2025. https://www.benefitspro.com/2025/01/08/ditch-the-4-rule-37-is-the-new-magic-number-for-retirement-withdrawals-says-morningstar/

Fixed Indexed Annuity Research / Sources:
5. Bankrate. What Are Fixed Index Annuities? Benefits, Risks, and How They Work. 2025. https://www.bankrate.com/retirement/fixed-index-annuities/
6. BlackRock. Annuity Owners Value the Benefits of Lifetime Income. 2024. https://www.blackrock.com/us/individual/insights/retirement/annuity-owners-value-lifetime-income-benefits
7. Annuity.org. Why Fixed Index Annuities Are More Attractive Than Ever. 2025. https://www.annuity.org/2025/05/14/why-fixed-index-annuities-are-more-attractive-than-ever/
8. Society of Actuaries Research Institute & LIMRA. 2019–20 Fixed Indexed Annuity Study. 2023. https://www.soa.org/resources/announcements/press-releases/2023/fixed-indexed-annuity/
9. FINRA. The Complicated Risks and Rewards of Indexed Annuities. 2021. https://www.finra.org/investors/insights/complicated-risks-and-rewards-indexed-annuities